Roman Numeral Converter (1–3999 ⇔ Numbers)
Convert numbers (1994) to Roman numerals (MCMXCIV) and back. Handy for chapter numbers, clock faces, outline lists, and document or version numbering. You can also get lowercase (i, ii, iii) or Unicode Roman numeral characters (Ⅳ, Ⅻ). For other number bases such as binary and hexadecimal, use the Base Converter.
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Common Roman numerals
| Number | Roman |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
| 10 | X |
| 11 | XI |
| 12 | XII |
| 13 | XIII |
| 14 | XIV |
| 15 | XV |
| 16 | XVI |
| 17 | XVII |
| 18 | XVIII |
| 19 | XIX |
| 20 | XX |
| Number | Roman |
|---|---|
| 50 | L |
| 100 | C |
| 500 | D |
| 1000 | M |
| 1999 | MCMXCIX |
| 2000 | MM |
| 2010 | MMX |
| 2020 | MMXX |
| 2024 | MMXXIV |
| 2025 | MMXXV |
| 2026 | MMXXVI |
| 2027 | MMXXVII |
| 2028 | MMXXVIII |
| 2029 | MMXXIX |
| 2030 | MMXXX |
| 3999 | MMMCMXCIX |
| Number | Roman |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 5 | V |
| 10 | X |
| 50 | L |
| 100 | C |
| 500 | D |
| 1000 | M |
Notes
- Standard Roman numerals cover 1 to 3999. Zero and negative numbers cannot be written, and 4000 and above need an overline (vinculum), which this tool does not support.
- A symbol repeats at most three times in the standard form (4 is IV, not IIII). Non-standard forms such as IIII are read, and the value and standard form are shown. Some clock faces deliberately use IIII.
- Only six subtractive pairs are valid: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD and CM. Forms such as IC (99), VX (5) or IL (49) are rejected; write 99 as XCIX and 49 as XLIX.
- Unicode Roman numerals (Ⅰ–Ⅿ) may not display in every font. For documents and search, plain letters are usually easier to work with.
- Full-width letters and Unicode Roman numerals (Ⅻ) in the input are normalized to plain letters before reading.
Glossary
Additive and subtractive notation
Roman numerals mainly add symbols together (VIII = 5+1+1+1 = 8). A smaller symbol placed before a larger one is subtracted instead (IV = 5−1 = 4, IX = 9). Only I, X and C can be subtracted, and only from the next two larger symbols (I from V and X, X from L and C, C from D and M).
Standard form
When one number has several possible spellings, the standard form is the single accepted one. For example 4 can be read from IIII, but today the standard form is IV. This tool only outputs the standard form for 1 to 3999.
Unicode Roman numerals
Dedicated characters from Ⅰ (U+2160) to Ⅿ (U+216F), plus lowercase ⅰ (U+2170) to ⅿ (U+217F). Ⅻ, for instance, writes 12 in a single character. They are different code points from the Latin letters I, V and X.
FAQ
Can Roman numerals show 0 or numbers of 4000 and above?
Standard Roman numerals run from 1 to 3999, and there is no symbol for zero. Values of 4000 and above use an overline extension, which this tool does not handle, so they are reported as out of range.
Is 4 written IIII or IV?
IV is the modern standard. Clock faces often use IIII for visual balance, though. If you enter IIII, the tool shows its value (4) and the standard form (IV).
Why are IC and VX rejected?
Only six subtractive pairs exist: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD and CM. IC (99) and VX (5) break that rule. Write 99 as XCIX and 5 as V.
What is the difference between Ⅻ and the letters XII?
Ⅻ is a single dedicated character for 12 with its own code point, separate from the Latin letters XII. They look nearly identical, but behave differently in search and sorting. The tool reads both, and the output style is a checkbox.
How do I write a year such as 2024?
2024 is MMXXIV, 1999 is MCMXCIX and 2000 is MM. The table below the converter lists examples for recent years.
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